1. education in the U. S.

　　Programs of instruction is offered to children, youths, and adults in the United States, through schools and colleges operated by state and local governments, as well as by private and religious groups. The development of formal education in the United States differed from that in other Western societies in three fundamental respects: First, Americans possessed a profound faith in education as a principal means to achieve increasingly complex individual and social goals. Second, Americans were path-breakers in providing more years of schooling for a larger percentage of children and adolescents than any previous society. Third, Americans’ remarkable faith in mass schooling was implemented through a largely decentralized organization. Unlike the educational systems of other countries, which are usually directed and financed by the national government, American education in practice has been mainly, although not exclusively, the responsibility of the state and local governments.

3. Bill Gates

　　Bill Gates (1955 –? ), American business executive, Chairman of the Microsoft Corporation. He was born in Seattle, Washington. Gates co-founded Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen, his high school friend and partner in computer-language development since 1967.
　　Fascinated by computers from the age of 12, Gates was involved with various programming projects throughout high school. While attending Harvard in 1975, Gates teamed with Allen to develop a version of the BASIC computer-programming language for the Altair, the first personal computer. As a result of this work on BASIC, Gates decided to drop out of Harvard in 1977 to work at Microsoft full-time, pursuing his vision of “a computer on every desk and in every home,” the idea behind the company. In the early 1980s, Gates led Microsoft’s evolution from a developer of programming languages to a diversified software company producing operating systems and applications software as well as programming tools. This transition began in 1981 with Microsoft’s introduction of MS-DOS, the operating system for International Business Machines Corporation’s new Personal Computer (IBM PC). Gates persuaded other computer manufacturers to standardize on MS-DOS, fueling software compatibility and computer industry growth in the 1980s.
　　Gates also pushed Microsoft to introduce application software, such as Microsoft Word word-processing software for the IBM PC. In a key strategic move, Gates agreed to develop application software for the Apple Macintosh prior to the release of the first Mac in 1984. This was the beginning of a strong position for Microsoft in applications that take advantage of the graphical user interface (GUI).
　　Much of Gates’ success rests on his ability to translate technical visions into market strategy, and to blend creativity with technical acumen. He is one of the few founding CEOs from the technical side of the PC industry who has also survived and thrived on the business side. Gates has accumulated great wealth from his holdings of Microsoft stock and is known for his personal and corporate contributions to charity and educational organizations. Gates continues to be personally involved in product development at Microsoft. His willingness to back new technologies such as Microsoft Windows, Windows NT, and workgroup applications has kept Microsoft at the forefront of computer hardware and software evolution.