1. establish: set up
Examples:
　　　　　Father established this business forty years ago.
　　　　　Public schools for girls were established in some places.

2. locate: establish in a certain place
Examples:
　　　　　Where is the new factory to be located?
　　　　　The baker located his bakery in the new shopping center.

3. represent: stand for or be a sign or symbol of
Examples:
　　　　　The foreign minister represented the country at the conference.
　　　　　Each dot on my map represents a town.

4. consist of: (no passive) be made up of
Examples:
　　　　　The United Kingdom consists of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
　　　　　That area’s future weather pattern might consist of long, dry periods.

5. plus: (prep.) with addition of
Examples:
　　　　　Three plus two equals fi ve.
　　　　　The work of an engineer requires intelligence plus experience.
(adj.) (of numbers) higher than zero

Examples:
　　　　　Three is a plus quantity.
　　　　　Daytime temperatures vary between minus 5° and plus 12°.

6. distinct: different; separate
Examples:
　　　　　The twins had distinct personalities.
　　　　　Those two ideas are quite distinct from each other.

7. govern: control or guide (actions and feelings)
Examples:
　　　　　Don’t let a bad temper govern your decision.
　　　　　The rise and fall of the sea is governed by the movements of the moon.

8. property: 1) land, buildings or both together
Examples:
　　　　　The statue was considered town property.
　　　　　With more and more people purchasing houses, property prices have been on the rise.

2) the thing or things that somebody owns
Examples:
　　　　　The police found some stolen property in the thief’s house.
　　　　　That’s my personal property.

9. elect: choose (somebody) by voting
Examples:
　　　　　They elected him to represent them.
　　　　　We must urge that delegates be elected from the various factories in a district.

10. select: choose (as being the most suitable, etc.)
Examples:
　　　　　He selected an appropriate birthday card for his mother.
　　　　　When you select a team you pick out the people most suitable for it.

11. facility: aids, circumstances, which make it easy to do things
Examples:
　　　　　One of the facilities our students have is a large library.
　　　　　This kitchen has a garbage disposal and other modern facilities.

12. primary: chief; main
Examples:
　　　　　A primary cause of Tom’s failure is his laziness.
　　　　　His diaries are a primary source for the history of the period.

13. assign: give as a share or duty
Examples:
　　　　　They assigned me a small room.
　　　　　Two pupils were assigned to sweep the fl oor.

14. on the basis of: according to or grounded on the circumstance that provides a reason for some action or opinion
Examples:
　　　　　Students are able, on the basis of experience, to choose which subjects to specialize in.
　　　　　Decisions were often made on the basis of incorrect information.

15. grant: give (especially what is wanted or requested)
Examples:
　　　　　They refused to grant them long-term credits.
　　　　　He requested that the premier grant him an interview.

16. enable: make able
Examples:
　　　　　This train enables me to get there in time.
　　　　　This would enable them to double their output of machine guns.

17. minimum: the least, or the smallest possible quantity, number, or degree
Examples:
　　　　　This price is his minimum; he refuses to lower it further.
　　　　　Allow a minimum of fi ve minutes for introducing the dialogue.

18. eligible: fi t, suitable to be chosen; having the right qualifi cations
Examples:
　　　　　Only native-born citizens are eligible for the U.S. presidency.
　　　　　Anyone who can speak French is eligible to join the club.

19. apply for / to: request something, especially offi cially and in writing
Examples:
　　　　　He has applied for a post in England.
　　　　　I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.

20. scheme: plan (for work or activity)
Examples:
　　　　　He suggested several schemes to increase the sales.
　　　　　Most of his schemes were never carried out for lack of money.

21. restrict: limit; keep within limits
Examples:
　　　　　The sale of alcohol is restricted in Britain.
　　　　　He was restricted by the doctor to fi ve cigarettes a day.

22. involve: cause (someone) to become connected or concerned
Examples:
　　　　　We are involved, whether we like it or not.
　　　　　More than 4 000 workers were involved in strikes in 1946.

23. demonstrate: show clearly by giving proof(s) or example(s)
Examples:
　　　　　The salesman demonstrated the new washing-machine to the customers.
　　　　　These fi gures clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country.

24. award: give as the result of an offi cial decision, especially a prize
Examples:
　　　　　The University awarded him an honorary degree.
　　　　　The best students are awarded special scholarships.

25. assess: judge the quality, importance or worth of
Examples:
　　　　　The value of the property has been assessed at $20 000.
　　　　　Examinations are not the only means of assessing students’ ability.

26. maintain: continue to do or have (something)
Examples:
　　　　　Microsoft intends to maintain its position as market leader.
　　　　　The two classmates maintained their friendship for the next forty years.

27. enrich: make rich, improve (in quality, fl avor, etc.)
Examples:
　　　　　An education enriches the mind.
　　　　　American culture has been enriched by European immigrants.

28. environment: all the surrounding conditions which infl uence growth and development
Examples:
　　　　　A child’s character is greatly infl uenced by his home environment.
　　　　　Schools should be surrounded by a pure and healthy environment.

29. at large: as a whole
Examples:
　　　　　The people at large wanted peace.
　　　　　The country at large is hoping for great changes.

30. promote: advance (someone) in position; help to organize or start
Examples:
　　　　　Within a year he was promoted from teller to assistant cashier.
　　　　　Mutual understanding between the two countries should be promoted.

31. rigorous: stern; strict
Examples:
　　　　　The training involved rigorous exercises.
　　　　　The examination is rigorous and extreme.

32. benefit from / by: gain by; receive advantage from
Examples:
　　　　　Who would be most likely to benefit from the old man’s death?
　　　　　You will benefit by taking a holiday.

33. facilitate: make easy or less diffi cult
Examples:
　　　　　Modern inventions have facilitated housework.
　　　　　Zip codes are used to facilitate mail service.

34. exploit: use or develop (a thing) fully so as to get profi t
Examples:
　　　　　You must exploit every opportunity to learn new things.
　　　　　They exploit rich resources in wheat and oil.

35. equip: make (oneself or another) able (to do something) or prepared (for something)
Examples:
　　　　　Your education will equip you to earn a good living.
　　　　　Her evening study has equipped her for a career as an electrical engineer.